![]() ![]() The European Medicines Agency (EMA) indicates that milk, eggs, honey, pollen products, grains, and meat, as well as herbal products, including comfrey, used in salads and brewed like tea, are sources of PA. It is the potential long-term health risks associated with low-dose chronic exposure to this class of compounds from foods that is the source of recent concern. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids are found in common foods. The necines are oxygenated derivatives of L-methylpyrrolizidine. PA are esters formed by noncynic acids and amino alcohols–necines. Long-term use is not recommended due to the presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA). The internal use of Symphytum officinale is currently being disputed. ![]() In Europe, fresh roots and fresh flowering plants, collected from March to June and from September to October, are used. In folk medicine, it is used for joint deformities, myalgia, and bone fractures. The root and herb ( Radix cum Herba Symphyti) in the form of a cold extract infusion, is used both internally and externally. At the same time, the details of the morphological localization of these components (shoots and roots) are not provided. Symphytum officinale is reported to contain polysaccharides, allantoin, phenolic acids (chlorogenic, caffeic, and rosemary), phytosterols and triterpene saponins, glycosides, and pyrocatechol-type tannins, as well as pyrrolizidine alkaloids (intermedin, acetylintermedin, lycopsamine, acetyllikopsamine, and simfitin, and their corresponding N-oxides). The studied phenolic profile and the analysis of published data showed that the extract samples of comfrey callus cultures had similar characteristics, which makes them an important source of phenolic compounds with pronounced antioxidant activity. Rosmarinic, chlorogenic, and caffeic acids have anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, antitumor, neuroprotective, antioxidant, and other properties, which also determine the characteristics of comfrey and preparations made from it. ![]() M-methoxybenzoic acid (30.05 μg/mL extract) or rosmarinic acid (45.70 μL/mL extract) were identified as the main phenolic component. For the first time, a unique polymer of two types was isolated from samples of comfrey root cultures (the caffeic acid derivative is a new class of natural polyether with 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) glyceric acid as a repeating unit). In this study, the phenolic profile of extract samples of Symphytum officinale callus root cultures (up to 70% of ethanol) was determined using various approaches. Comfrey ( Symphytum officinale) root preparations are known for their analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. ![]()
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